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Description
Maximum efficiency, reliability, and longevity of electrical equipment such as the various types of motors, variable-speed drives, transformers, generators, rectifiers, inverters, uninterruptible power systems, circuit breakers, and fuses are of great concern to many industries. These objectives can only be achieved by understanding the characteristics, selection criteria, common problems and repair techniques, preventive and predictive maintenance. This seminar is a MUST for anyone who is involved in the selection, applications, or maintenance of electrical equipment. It provides the latest in technology. The seminar covers how this equipment operate and provide guidelines and rules that must be followed for a successful operation. Their basic design, operating characteristics, specification, selection criteria, advanced fault detection techniques, critical components as well as all maintenance issues are covered in detail.
Objectives
To provide a comprehensive understanding of the various types of motors, variable-speed drives, transformers, rectifiers and inverters, uninterruptable power systems (UPS), generators, circuit breakers, and fuses. Participants will be able to specify, select, commission and maintain these equipment for their applications.
To achieve reduced capital, operating and maintenance costs along with increase in efficiency.Who Should Attend
Engineers of any discipline, managers, technician, technologists, and other technical
personnel.Special Features
Included in the seminar is a book titled “Electrical Equipment Handbook” (600 pages) published by McGraw-Hill in 2003 and a manual. Both the book and the manual are authored by the instructor.After Attending This Course You Will:Learn about various types of transformers, motors, variable speed drives, rectifiers, inverters, uninterruptable power systems (UPS), generators, circuit breakers, and fuses.
Understand diagnostic testing and inspection, advanced fault detection techniques, critical components, and common failure modes.
Study selection criteria, commissioning requirements, predictive and preventive maintenance, reliability, testing and cost
Discover the maintenance required to minimize their operating cost and maximize their efficiency, reliability and longevity
Program Outline (3.0 CEUs / 30 PDHs)Faculty: Philip Kiameh, University of Toronto/Ontario Power Generation (formerly Ontario Hydro)Fundamentals of Electric SystemsCapacitors
Current and Resistance
The Magnetic Field
Ampère’s Law
Magnetic Field in a Solenoid
Faraday’s Law of Induction
Lenz’s Law
Inductance
Alternating Currents
Three-Phase System
Three-Phase Connections
Power in Three-Phase Systems
Introduction to Machinery PrinciplesElectric Machines and Transformers
Common Terms and Principles
The Magnetic Field
Production of a Magnetic Field
Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials
Energy Losses in a Ferromagnetic Core
Faraday’s Law –Induced Voltage From a Magnetic Field Changing with Time
Core Loss Values
Permanent Magnets
Production of Induced Force on a Wire
Induced Voltage on a Conductor Moving in a Magnetic Field
TransformersImportance of Transformers
Types and Construction of Transformers
The Ideal Transformer
Power in an Ideal Transformer
Impedance Transformation Through a Transformer
Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Transformers
Theory of Operation of Real Single-Phase Transformers
The Voltage Ratio Across a Transformer
The Magnetizing Current in a Real Transformer
The Dot Convention
The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer
Approximate Equivalent Circuits of a Transformer
The Transformer Voltage Regulation and Efficiency
The Transformer Phasor Diagram
Simplified Voltage Regulation
Transformer Efficiency
Transformer Taps and Voltage Regulators
The Autotransformer
Three-Phase Transformers
Three-Phase Transformer Connections
Transformer Ratings
Voltage and Frequency Ratings of a Transformer
Apparent Power Rating of a Transformer
Inrush Current
Transformer Nameplate
Instrument Transformers
Transformer Components and MaintenanceIntroduction
Classification of Transformers
Dry Transformers
Oil-Immersed Transformers
Main Components of a Power Transformer
Transformer Core
Windings
Nitrogen Demand System
Conservative Tank With Air Cell
Current Transformers
Bushings
Tap Changers
Insulation
Types and Features of Insulation
Reasons for Deterioration
Forces
Cause of Transformer Failures
Transformer Oil
Testing Transformer Insulating Oil
Causes of Deterioration
The Neutralization Number Test
The Interfacial Tension Test
The Myers Index Number
The Transformer Oil Classification System
Methods of Dealing With Bad Oil
Gas-in-Oil
Gas Relay and Collection Systems
Introduction
Gas Relay
Relief Devices
Interconnection with the Grid
AC Machine FundamentalsThe Rotating Magnetic Field
Proof of The Rotating Magnetic Field Flux Concept
The Relationship between Electrical Frequency and The Speed of Magnetic Field Rotation
Reversing The Direction of the Magnetic Field Rotation
The Induced Voltage in AC Machines
The Induced Voltage in a Coil on a Two-Pole Stator
The Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Set of Coils
The RMS Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator
The Induced Torque in a Three-Phase Machine
Winding Insulation in AC Machines
AC Machine Power Flow and Losses
INDUCTION MOTORSInduction Motor Construction
Basic Induction Motor Concepts
The Concept of Rotor Slip
The Electrical Frequency of the Rotor
The Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor
The Rotor Circuit Model
Losses and The Power-Flow Diagram
Induction Motor Torque-Speed Characteristics
Comments on The Induction Motor Torque-Speed Curve
Variation of The Torque-Speed Characteristics
Control of Motor Characteristics By Squirrel-Cage Rotor Design
Deep Bar and Double-Cage Rotor Designs
Starting Induction Motors
Induction Motor Starting Circuits
Speed Control of Induction MotorsSpeed Control by Changing the Line Frequency
Speed Control by Changing the Line Voltage
Speed Control by Changing the Rotor Resistance
Solid-State Induction Motor Drives
Motor Protection
The Induction Generator
Induction Generator Operating Alone
Induction Motor Ratings
Maintenance of MotorsCharacteristics of Motors
Enclosures and Cooling Methods
Application Data
Design Characteristics
Insulation of AC Motors
Failures in Three-Phase Stator Windings
Predictive Maintenance
Motor Troubleshooting
Diagnostic Testing for Motors
Stator Insulation Tests
DC Tests For Stator and Rotor Windings
Insulation and Polarization Index
Test Setup and Performance
Interpretation
DC High-Potential (Hipot) Testing
Surge Testing
Terminal-to-Terminal Resistances (winding resistances)
Tests for the Detection of Open Circuits in Induction Motor Cage Windings
Stator Current Fluctuation Test
Manual Rotation Test
Repair and Refurbishment of AC Induction Motors
Stator Work
Rotor Work
Bearings
Oil and Water Heat Exchangers
Temperature Detectors
Motor Repair
Motor Rewind
Failures in Three-Phase Stator Windings
Power Electronics, Rectifiers and Pulse-Width Modulation InvertersIntroduction to Power Electronics
Power Electronics Components
Diode
The Two-Wire Thyristor or PNPN Diode
The Three-Wire Thyristor or SCR
The Gate Turn-off Thyristor
The DIAC
The TRIAC
The Power Transistor
The Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
Power and Speed Comparison of Power Electronic Components
Basic Rectifier Circuits
The Half-Wave Rectifier
The Full-Wave Rectifier
The Three-Phase Half Wave Rectifier
The Three-Phase Full Wave Rectifier
Filtering Rectifier Output
Pulse Circuits
A Relaxation Oscillator Using a PNPN Diode
Pulse Synchronization
Voltage Variation By AC Phase Control
AC Phase Control for a DC Load Driven From an AC Source
AC Phase Control for an AC Load
The Effect of Inductive Loads on Phase Angle Control
Inverters
The Rectifier
External Commutation Inverters
Self-Commutated Inverters
Pulse-Width Modulation Inverters
Variable Speed DrivesBasic Principles of AC Variable Speed Drivers (VSD’S)
Constant Torque Region
Constant Power (extended speed) Region
Inverters
Parts of an Inverter
Pulse-Width Modulated (PWM) Inverters
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT’S)
2-Level Width Modulated Inverter (PMW-2)
Input Power Converter (rectifier)
DC link Energy
Output IGBT Inverter
Input Sources for Regeneration or Dynamic Slowdown
Dynamic Breaking
Regeneration
PWM-2 Considerations
Transients, Harmonics Power Factor and Failures
Semiconductor Failure Rate
Common Failure Modes
Differential Expansion
Fault Current Limit
Device explosion Rating
Device Application
Thyristor Failures and Testing
Recognizing Failed SCR/Diode
Testing SCR’s/Diodes
Comments About Failures and Rates
AC Drive Application Issues
Introduction
Diode Source Current Unbalance
AC Power Factor
AC Input Power Changes With AC Input Voltage
IGBT Switching Transients
Insulation Voltage Stress
Motor Winding Voltage Distribution
Radiated Electromagnetic Interferences (EMI)
Cable Terminating (Matching) Impendance
Inverter Output Filter
Extra Insulation
Cabling Details For AC Drives
Cable Details
Motor, Cable, and Power System Grounding
Motor Bearing Currents
Add a Motor Shaft Grounding Brush
Reduce the Stator to Rotor Capacitance Value
Use Conductive Grease in Motor Bearings
Motor Cable Wiring Practices
Summary of Application Rules For AC Drives
Selection Criteria of VSD’s
Variable Process Speed
Compressors and Pumps
Motor Starting
Regeneration
Dynamometer
Paper Machine Winder
Dynamic Breaking
Maintenance
Common Failure Modes
Motor Application Guidelines
Uninterruptible Power Systems (UPS’s)Introduction
UPS Operation
Mission Time
Standards
Voltage Regulation
Harmonic Distortion
Soft-Start
Overload Rating
Advanced UPS Design
Output Contactor
Battery Protection
Efficiency
Power Factor Derating
Environmental Conditions
Input Power Converter
Inverter
Static Bypass
Display and Controls
Battery Disconnect Breaker
Battery System
Maintenance Bypass Cabinet (MBC)
Intersystem Synchronization
Parallel Operation
Unattended Shutdown
Remote UPS Monitoring
Software Compatibility
Factory Inspection
Testing of UPS
Steady-State Performance Tests
Dynamic Performance Tests
Isolation Tests
Reliability Tests
Commissioning of UPS
Maintenance Contracts
UPS Maintenance
Battery Maintenance
UPS Sizing
Battery Sizing
Battery Selection
Space Vector Modulation Technology
Electromagnetic and Radio Frequency Interference
Maintenance of Industrial BatteriesIntroduction
Definitions
Discharge Voltage Characteristics
Battery Life
Battery Types
Lead-Acid Batteries
Installation and Operation
Placing the Battery in Service
Charging the Battery
Modified Constant-Voltage Method
Taper Method
Two –Rate method
Constant-Current Method
Maintenance
Prevention of Over-Discharging
Determination of Battery Condition
Troubleshooting
Repairs and Maintenance of Batteries
Synchronous MachinesPhysical Description
Pole Pitch: Electrical Degrees
Airgap and Magnetic Circuit of a Synchronous Machine
Synchronous Machine Windings
Field Excitation
Rotating Rectifier Excitation
Series Excitation
No-Load and Short-Circuit Values
Torque Tests
Speed-Torque Characteristic
Pull-In Torque
Pull-Out Torque
Excitation of a Synchronous Machine
Machine Losses
Windage and Friction Loss
Core Losses
Stray-Load Loss
Armature Conductor Loss
Excitation Loss
Synchronous GeneratorsSynchronous Generator Construction
The Speed of Rotation of A Synchronous Generator
The Internal Generated Voltage of a Synchronous Generator
The Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Generator
The Phasor Diagram of a Synchronous Generator
Power and Torque in Synchronous Generators
The Synchronous Generator Operating Alone
The Effect of Load Change on a Synchronous Generator Operating Alone
Parallel Operation of AC Generators
The Conditions Required for Paralleling
The General Procedure for Paralleling Generators
Frequency-Power and Voltage-Reactive Power Characteristics of a Synchronous Generator
Operation of Generators in Parallel With Large Power Systems
Synchronous Generator Ratings
The Voltage, Speed, and Frequency Ratings
Apparent Power and Power-Factor Ratings
Synchronous Generator Capability Curves
Short-Time Operation and Service Factor
Generator Components, Auxiliaries and ExcitationIntroduction
The Rotor
Rotor Winding
Rotor End Rings
Wedges and Dampers
Sliprings, Brushgear and Shaft Grounding
Fans
Rotor and Threading Alignment
Vibration
Bearings and Seals
Size and Weight
Turbine-Generator Components: The Stator
Stator Core
Core Frame
Stator Winding
End Winding Support
Electrical Connections and Terminals
Stator Winding Cooling Components
Hydrogen Cooling Components
Stator Casing
Cooling Systems
Hydrogen Cooling
Hydrogen Cooling Systems
Shaft Seals and Seal Oil Systems
Thrust Type Seal
Journal Type Seal
Seal Oil System
Stator Winding Water Cooling Systems
Other Cooling Systems
Excitation
AC Excitation Systems
Exciter Transient Performance
The Pilot Exciter
The Main Exciter
Exciter Performance Testing
Pilot Exciter Protection
Brushless Excitation Systems
The Rotating Armature Main Exciter
The Voltage Regulator
Background
System Description
The Regulator
Auto Follow-up Circuit
Manual Follow-up
AVR Protection
The Digital AVR
Excitation Control
Rotor Current Limiter
Overfluxing Limit
The Power System Stabilizer
Characteristics of Generator Exciter Power Systems (GEP)
Excitation System Analysis
Generator Operation
Running-up to Speed
Open Circuit Conditions and Synchronizing
The Application of a Load
Capability Chart
Neutral Grounding
Rotor Torque
Generator Main ConnectionsIntroduction
Isolated Phase Bus Bar Circulatory Currents
System Description
Double-Feed GeneratorsIntroduction
Basic System Configuration
Equivalent Circuit for the Brushless Double-fed Machine
Parameter Extraction
Generator Operation
Converter Rating
Machine Control
Conclusions
Performance and Operation of GeneratorsGenerator Systems
Excitation
Hydrogen Cooling
Cooling of The Stator Conductors
Hydrogen Seals
Condition Monitoring
Temperature Monitoring –Thermocouples
Hydrogen Gas Analysis
Hydrogen Dew Point Monitoring and Control
Vibration Monitoring
Operational Limitations
Temperatures
Hydrogen leakage
Fault Conditions
Stator Ground (Earth) Faults
Stator Phase-to-Phase Faults
Stator Interturn Faults
Negative Phase Sequence Currents
Loss of Generator Excitation
Pole Slipping
Rotor Faults
Generator Surveillance and TestingGenerator Operational Checks (Surveillance and Monitoring)
Major Overhaul (every 8-10 years)
Generator Diagnostic Testing
Introduction
Stator Insulation Tests
DC Tests For Stator and Rotor Windings Index
Insulation Resistance and Polarization Index
Test Setup and Performance
Interpretation
DC Hipot Test
High Voltage and Step Ramp Tests
AC Tests for Stator Windings
Dissipation Factor and Tip-Up Tests
Tip-Up Test
Stator Turn Insulation Surge Test
Synchronous Machine Rotor Windings
Open Circuit Test for Shorted Turns
Air Gap Search Coil For Detecting Turns
Impedance Test With Rotor Installed
Detecting the Location of Shorted Turns With Rotor Removed
Low Voltage AC Test
Low Voltage DC Test (Voltage-Drop Test)
Field Winding Ground Fault Detectors
Surge Testing For Rotor Shorted Turns and Ground Faults
Partial Discharge Tests
Off-Line Conventional pd Test
Test Setup and Performance
Interpretation
On-Line Conventional pd Test
Low Core Flux Test (EL-CID)
Mechanical Tests
Introduction
Stator Windings Tightness Check
Stator Winding Side Clearance Check
Core Laminations Tightness Check (knife test)
Visual Techniques
Groundwall Insulation
Rotor Winding
Turn Insulation
Slow Wedges and Bracing
Stator and Rotor Cores
Generator Inspection and MaintenanceOn-Load Maintenance and Monitoring
Stator
Rotor
Excitation System
Off-Load Maintenance
Stator Internal Work
Stator External Work
Rotor
Slip Rigs and Brush Gear
Exciter and Pilot Exciter
Rectifier
Field Switch
Automatic Voltage Regulator
Supervisory and Protection Equipment
Generator Testing
Insulation Testing
Testing the stator core
Stator Coolant Circuit Testing
Hydrogen Loss Test
Rotor Winding Tests
Generator Operational Problems, and Refurbishment OptionsTypical Generator Operational Problems
Shorted Turns and Field Grounds
Thermal Sensitivity
Contamination
Collector, Bore Copper and Connection Problems
Copper Distortion
Forging Concerns
Retaining Rings
Misoperation
Generator Rotor Reliability and Life Expectancy
Generator Experience
Generator Rotor Refurbishment
Generator Rotor Rewind
Types of Insulation
Generator Rotor Modifications, Upgrades and Uprates
High Speed Balancing
Flux Probe Test
Circuit BreakersTheory of Circuit Interruption
Introduction
Physics of Arc Phenomena
Arc Interruption Theory
High Resistance Interruption
Low Resistance or Current Zero Interruption
Circuit Breaker Rating
Conventional Circuit Breakers
Automatic Switch
Air-Break Circuit Breakers
Methods for Increasing Arc Resistance
Plain Break Type
Magnetic Blow-out Type
Arc Splitter Type
Application
Oil Circuit Breakers
Advantages of Oil
Disadvantages of Oil Circuit Breakers
Plain Break Oil Circuit Breaker
Arc Control Circuit Breakers
Recent Developments in Circuit Breakers
Vacuum Circuit Breakers
Construction of Vacuum Switch/Circuit Breakers
Vacuum Chamber
Application of Vacuum Switches
Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit Breakers
Maintenance of SF6 Breakers
Storage
Description
Pole Characteristics
Maintenance
Maintenance Program
General Inspection of The Circuit Breaker
Lubrication
FusesTypes of Fuses
Single-Element Fuses
Dual-Element Fuse
Current Limiting Fuses
Features of Current Limiting Fuses
Advantages of Fuses Over Circuit Breakers
Bearings And LubricationTypes of Bearings
Ball and Roller Bearings
Stresses During Rolling Contact
Statistical Nature of Bearing Life
Materials and Finish
Sizes of Bearings
Types of Roller Bearings
Thrust Bearings
Lubrication
The Viscosity of Lubricants
Viscosity Units
Significance of Viscosity
Flow Through Pipes
Variation of Viscosity With Temperature and Pressure
Temperature Effect
Viscosity Index
Effects of Pressure on Viscosity
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Greases
VI Improved Oils
Oils at Low Temperatures
Variation of Lubricant Viscosity With Use
Oxidation Reactions
Physical Reactions
Housing and Lubrication
Lubrication and Antifriction Bearings
Used Oil AnalysisProper Lube Oil Sampling Technique
Test Description and Significance
Visual and Sensory Inspection
Chemical and Physical Tests
Water Content
Viscosity
Emission Spectrographic Analysis
Infrared Analysis
Total Base Number
Total Acid Number
Particle Count
Summary
Vibration AnalysisThe Application of Sine Waves to Vibration
Multimass Systems
Resonance
Logarithms and Decibels (db)
The Use of Filtering
Vibration Instrumentation
Displacement Transducer (proximity probe)
Velocity Transducer
Acceleration Transducer
Transducer Selection
Time Domain
Frequency Domain
Machinery Example
Vibration Analysis
Vibration Causes
Forcing Frequency Causes
Unbalance
Misalignment
Mechanical Looseness
Bearing Defects
Gear Defects
Oil Whirl
Blade or Vane Problems
Electric Motor Defects
Uneven Loading
Drive-Shaft Torsion
Resonant Frequency
Vibration Severity
Power Station Electrical Systems and Design RequirementsIntroduction
System Requirements
Grid Criteria
Safety Requirements
Electrical System Description
The Generator Main Output System
Electrical Auxiliary Systems
Type of Stations
System Performance
Unit Start-up
Plant Requirements
Synchronizing to the Grid
Synchronizing the Unit to the Station
Shutdown and Power Trip
Controlled Shutdown
Power Trip
The Effects of Loss of Grid Supplies
Power Plant Outages and Faults
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems
Introduction
DC Systems
Introduction
DC System Functions
Mission Time of DC Systems
Power Station Protective SystemsIntroduction
Design Criteria
Generator Protection
Stator Ground (Earth) Faults –Low Impedance Grounding
Stator Ground Faults –High Resistance Grounding
Stator Phase-to-Phase Faults
DC Tripping Systems
Logic Diagram
Frequently Asked QuestionsFundamentals of Electric Systems
Introduction to Machinery Principles
Transformers
Transformer Components and Maintenance
Interconnection With the Grid
AC Machine Fundamentals
Induction Motors
Speed Control of Induction Motors
Maintenance of Motors
Variable Speed Drives
Synchronous Generators
Generator Components, Auxiliaries, and Excitation
Instructor
Philip Kiameh, M.A.Sc., B.Eng., D.Eng., P.Eng. (Canada) has been a teacher at University of Toronto, Canada for 20 years. During this period, he taught courses and seminars to working engineers and professionals around the world. He wrote 6 books for working engineers. Four of them have been published by McGraw-Hill, New York.
Prof. Philip Kiameh performed research on power generation equipment with Atomic Energy of Canada Limited at their Chalk River and Whiteshell Nuclear Research Laboratories. He also has more than 27 years of practical engineering experience with Ontario Power Generation (formerly, Ontario Hydro - the largest electric utility in North America). While in Ontario Hydro, Prof. Philip Kiameh worked as Training Manager, Engineering Supervisor, System Responsible Engineer and Design Engineer. During this period, he was the manager of a section that provided training for the staff at the power stations. This training covered all the equipment and systems used in power stations. Philip was also responsible for the operation, maintenance, diagnostics, and testing of gas turbines, steam turbines, generators, motors, transformers, inverters, valves, pumps, compressors, instrumentation and control systems. Further, his responsibilities included designing, engineering, diagnosing equipment problems and recommending solutions to repair deficiencies and improve system performance, supervising engineers, setting up preventive maintenance programs, writing Operating and Design Manuals, and commissioning new equipment. Professor Philip Kiameh was awarded his Bachelor of Engineering Degree "with distinction" from Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. He also received a Master of Applied Science in Engineering (M.A.Sc.) from the University of Ottawa, Canada. He is also a member of the Association of Professional Engineers in the province of Ontario, Canada.